Pine Script™ v5 User Manual

Table Of Contents

• Execution model

  • Calculation based on historical bars

  • Calculation based on realtime bars

  • Events triggering the execution of a script

  • More information

  • Historical values of functions

    • Why this behavior?

    • Exceptions

• Time series

• Script structure

  • Version

  • Declaration statement

  • Code

  • Comments

  • Line wrapping

  • Compiler annotations

• Identifiers

• Operators

  • Introduction

  • Arithmetic operators

  • Comparison operators

  • Logical operators

  • ?: ternary operator

  • [ ] history-referencing operator

  • Operator precedence

  • = assignment operator

  • := reassignment operator

• Variable declarations

  • Introduction

    • Initialization with na

    • Tuple declarations

  • Variable reassignment

  • Declaration modes

    • On each bar

    • var

• Conditional structures

  • Introduction

  • if structure

    • if used for its side effects

    • if used to return a value

  • switch structure

    • switch with an expression

    • switch without an expression

  • Matching local block type requirement

• Loops

  • Introduction

    • When loops are not needed

    • When loops are necessary

  • for

  • while

• Type system

  • Introduction

    • Forms

    • Types

  • Using forms and types

    • Forms

    • Types

  • na value

  • Type templates

  • Type casting

  • Tuples

• Built-ins

  • Introduction

  • Built-in variables

  • Built-in functions

• User-defined functions

  • Introduction

  • Single-line functions

  • Multi-line functions

  • Scopes in the script

  • Functions that return multiple results

  • Limitations

Coming soon !

• Arrays

  • Introduction

  • Declaring arrays

    • Using the var keyword

  • Reading and writing array values

  • Looping through array elements

  • Scope

  • History referencing

  • Inserting and removing array elements

    • Inserting

    • Removing

    • Using an array as a stack

    • Using an array as a queue

  • Calculations on arrays

  • Manipulating arrays

    • Concatenation

    • Copying

    • Joining

    • Sorting

    • Reversing

    • Slicing

  • Searching arrays

  • Error handling

    • Index xx is out of bounds. Array size is yy

    • Cannot call array methods when ID of array is ‘na’

    • Array is too large. Maximum size is 100000

    • Cannot create an array with a negative size

    • Cannot use shift() if array is empty.

    • Cannot use pop() if array is empty.

    • Index ‘from’ should be less than index ‘to’

    • Slice is out of bounds of the parent array

• Objects

  • Introduction

  • Creating objects

  • Changing field values

  • Collecting objects

  • Copying objects

  • Shadowing

• Methods

  • Introduction -Built-in methods

  • User-defined methods

  • Method overloading

  • Advanced example